This paper intends to draw the relation between real exchange rate VARIABILITY and the choice of exchange rate regime. The hypothesis was tested by estimating a simultaneous Limited-Dependent variable model with data from a time series during 1973-1996. The paper examines a number of exogenous determinants of exchange rate VARIABILITY and the choice of exchange rate regime.Our results indicate that: 1) The more opening in Iran's economy, the greater in REER VARIABILITY, 2) An increase in DOMESTIC monetary shocks will result in greater REER VARIABILITY, 3) REER VARIABILITY decreases in the fixed exchange rate regime, 4) As an openness increases, the choice of the floating regime is more suitable, 5) The greater REER VARIABILITY, the more likely a fixed exchange rate.

Purpose: Food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in food security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross DOMESTIC Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and food production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, food production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and food security. Greater emphasis on food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring food security in developing countries.

The CREDITs paid by banking system CREDITs are one of the main sources of financing in economy and at present time the banks in the monetary market are the greatest suppliers of financial needs of the country.But the more the share of the government from this CREDIT, the less would be the share of the private section. On the other hand, in some economic theories, some governmental expenditures has positive effect on private sector's investments. This article evaluate the effects of CREDITs paid by banking system to governmental and non governmental sectors and the government expenditures through budget on gross DOMESTIC capital formation.Results confirmed positive effect for both government expenditures and CREDITs paid to nongovernmental sector on gross DOMESTIC capital formation. But the latter's effect was greater.

This research is based on James N. Rosenau's hypothesis in foreign policy decision-making who believed that changing political behavior of the governments relies on the total of five variables: the decision maker characteristic, his part and position, government structure, inside the state variable and universal structure variable. The principle speculation of the research is that the Eleventh Government of Iran, under the influence of media and non-media general inner state variables within the systematic model, by changing the delegation and interactive attitudes, and structural shift from National Security Council to the Foreign Ministry, provided the factors for achieving the nuclear deal (JCPOA). In order to be reassured about the after effects of the research, a questionnaire including 14 questions was designed and distributed among some of the political, academic and media experts; these people had the most articles and positive or negative comments on nuclear talks. The experts of the nuclear issues express the effect of each component of the negotiators, institutional movement, interactive policy of the Eleventh Government, and DOMESTIC and foreign environments. The analysis and data survey questionnaires confirmed the hypothesis of the research...

Since the mid - 1990 s, models geared to apply knowledge about market risk from portfolio selection theory to CREDIT portfolios have been proposed in the relevant technical literature, several methods and (software) products for measuring CREDIT portfolio risk have been developed and become available. It is striking that most of the publications in current literature are still critiques and application tests referring to the four standard models from 1997 and 1998 or related approaches. This paper reviews the CREDIT Risk+ model.

Nowadays, CREDIT derivatives are known as ingenious financial devices to manage CREDIT risk. They are useful in controlling CREDIT risk of institutions and financial intermediaries' esp. CREDIT unions. Though, the motives for speculation and investment are also effective in increasing the exchange of such derivatives. Among them, CREDIT default swap are mostly exchanged derivatives those which take on an outstanding importance in managing CREDIT risk among CREDIT default swap banks. This research paper study the possibility of using CREDIT default swap to manage the CREDIT risk in Islamic banking, and profound Islamic jurisprudence based reasons to study the way this device agrees with Islamic principles of jurisprudence (Figh).

Given the importance of CREDIT risk in the banking system, banks have always paid special attention to CREDIT risk management and have used different tools to manage it. Using CREDIT derivatives, especially "CREDIT default swap" and "CREDIT- linked note", is one of the most common tools for this purpose. This paper investigates the possibility of applying these tools in the banking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and evaluates CREDIT derivatives based on general conditions of contracts from the viewpoint of the jurisprudence of Shi'a. As a result, we can say that CDS is compliant with shariah, but CLN is not due to its having some usury problem.

Central Bank has published applicable and strategic instruction for issuing electronic cards in accordance with the 10th sentence of electronic banking regulation. Electronic card accelerate the receiving and giving process of money via electronic communication. When a customer demand for CREDIT card, bank studies his/her record and issue him/her a card with a certain amount CREDIT. Thus, the customer can purchase with this CREDIT card and pay the account statement at once or monthly installments.Since the origin of CREDIT cards comes from western countries, law relations ruling on CREDIT cards transactions would be against religious rules. Therefore it is necessary to devise a religious solution for organizing CREDIT cards transactions. Central bank solution seems to be a good start but it does not remain suitable permanently and changes to an obstacle for the development of electronic banking in long run. In this paper after studying the central bank solution, it is suggested another solution to organize CREDIT card transactions based on CREDIT electronic store and Morabaha contract.

Risk is an inseparable part of the banking industry. Due to the specific nature of Islamic contracts, Islamic banking, in addition to the usual banking risks, also faces other risks peculiar to itself. CREDIT risk is among the most common risks in banking and various methods and instruments have been used to gauge and manage it.CREDIT Default Swap (CDS) is one of the most important types of CREDIT derivatives which have been extensively used in conventional trade banking for the past decade, with the aim of managing the CREDIT risks. In this article the possibility of using this CREDIT derivative in Islamic banking has been studied with a jurisprudential approach, and it has been shown that benefitting ftom this CREDIT derivative in different ways can be validated.In this study the hypothesis of possibility of conforming the CREDIT default swap with the Guarantee [Dhaman] and Insurance [Bee may] contracts, has been studied, and in the end in accordance with the standards of Imamia jurisprudence, has been endorsed. Similarly supposing the CREDIT default swap as a 'newly-created contract' (because of possessing a new legal reality), has also been considered and it has been shown that on account of adhering to the general conditions of valid transactions, its validity as a newly-created contract is also possible.